EUROPEAN COMMISSION RESEARCH

Grant Final Scientific Report

GENERAL INFORMATION

Project No.:	230518
Project acronym:	Elites08
Project full name:	CULTURALLY COMPOSITE ELITES, REGIME CHANGES AND SOCIAL CRISES IN MULTI-ETHNIC AND MULTI-CONFESSIONAL EASTERN EUROPE. (THE CARPATHIAN BASIN AND THE BALTICS IN COMPARISON - CC. 1900-1950).
Period number:	2
Period covered - start date:	1 January, 2010
Period covered - end date:	31 March, 2012
Project start date:	1 January, 2009
Project duration [months]:	36 + 3
Principal Investigator name:	Victor Gyozo Karady
Host Institution name:	Közép-európai Egyetem
Date of submission:	30 May, 2012
Are there any ethical issues associated with your project, as specified in the Description of Work and other granting documents?	Yes, all relevant documents have been sent already Yes, all pending documents included with this report X No

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Victor Karady
Title	“Historical Studies of Elite Groups in the Age of Computer Science : the Case of Post-Feudal Hungary”
Journal	East Central Europe/ECE,
Year	2009, vol. 35, part 1-2, 279-295.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Victor Karady
Title	“Minorités migrantes dans la Hongrie moderne (jusqu’à la chute de l’Etat historique)”
Journal	Cahiers d’Études Hongroises et Finlandaises (Paris, L’Harmattan),
Year	17/2011 pp. 83-94.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Victor Karady
Title	“Antiszemitizmus és nemzetállamok“,
Journal	Kritika
Year	(Budapest), 2011 március,
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Victor Karady
Title	“Les Allemands dans l’intelligentsia moderne émergeante en Hongrie à l’époque de la Double Monarchie”
Journal	Austriaca, Cahiers universitaires d’information sur l’Autriche
Year	décembre 2011 nr. 73, 191-220.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.2 Publication in conference proceedings

Author(s)	Victor Karady
Title of the contribution	“A numerus clausus és az egyetemi piac. Társadalomtörténeti esszé, /The numerus clausus and the academic market place, an essay in social history/,”
Title of the Proceedings	Jogfosztás - 90 éve. Tanulmányok a numerus claususról, /Disenfranchisement – 90 years ago. Studies on the numerus clausus/, Szerk. (ed.) Molnár Judit,
Year of publication	2011, pp. 181-195.
Publisher / Organisation	Budapest, Nonprofit Társadalomkutató Egyesület,
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
(Optional) Extra information

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Victor Karady (with Peter Tibor Nagy)
Title	„Educational Inequalities in Transylvania, a Data Base”
Publisher	Budapest, John Wesley College,
Year of publication	2009.
ISBN

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Victor Karady
Title	“Les Juifs de l’est européen et la politique d’accueil des étudiants étrangers en France sous la III. République“
Publisher	The International Journal of Jewish Education Research
Year of publication	2010.
ISBN	10:0827609183

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Victor Karady, Mária M. Kovács
Title	The numerus clausus in Hungary and Academic Antisemitism in Inter-War Central Europe,
Publisher	Pasts Inc., Centre for Historical Research of the Central European University, (“Research Reports, Studies and Documents on East Central European Social History”).
Year of publication	2012, in print.
ISBN	ISBN 978-963-88538-6-8

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“Elitenbildung im multiethnischen und multikonfessionellen Nationalstaat: Ungarn in der Doppelmonarchie (1867–1918)”
Title of the book	"Aufsteigen" und "Obenbleiben" in europäischen Gesellschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts. Akteure - Arenen - Aushandlungsprozesse,
Publisher	Berlin,
Year of publication	2009, pp. 47-66.
ISBN	978-3-05-004562-7

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady,
Title of the chapter / contribution	“Introduction. Religious Status as a Source of Educational Differentials in a Multi-Ethnic Society”
Title of the book	Educational Inequalities in Transylvania, a Data Base, edited with Peter Tibor Nagy
Publisher	Budapest, John Wesley College
Year of publication	2009 , pp. 9-80.
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“A névmagyarositások társadalomtörténeti összefüggései”, Socio-historical aspects of the Magyarization of surnames/,
Title of the book	Névváltoztatás – társadalom – történelem. Családnév változtatás történetei időben, térben, társadalomban,
Publisher	Budapest, Gondolat
Year of publication	2009, 40-54.
ISBN	9789636931919

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“L’émergence d’un espace européen de connaissances sur l’homme en société. Cadres institutionnels et démographiques”
Title of the book	L’espace intellectuel en Europe
Publisher	Paris, Editions de la Découverte
Year of publication	2009, pp. 43-67.
ISBN	978-2707157805

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“A budapesti zsidó polgárság“
Title of the book	Hágár országa. A magyarországi zsidóság – történelem, közösség, kultúra,
Publisher	Budapest, Kossuth
Year of publication	2009, pp.145-154.
ISBN	9789630959421

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“A vidéki zsidóság”
Title of the book	Hágár országa. A magyarországi zsidóság – történelem, közösség, kultúra
Publisher	Budapest, Kossuth,
Year of publication	2009, pp.185-196
ISBN	9789630959421

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	Pérégrinations contraintes et migrations stratégiques. Les cadres socio-historiques de la fuite des cerveaux de l’Autre Europe (1890-1940)
Title of the book	Étudiants de l’exil. Migrations internationales et universités refuges (XVIe-Xxe s.)
Publisher	Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail
Year of publication	2009, pp. 119-132 (Collection Tempus contemporaine).
ISBN	9782810700103 2810700109

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“The General Research on the ‘educated elites’ in presocialist Hungary - 1867-1948. Problems, approaches, sources)”,
Title of the book	Russian in spirit and European by education. Russian universities in the educational area of Central and Eastern Europe from the XVIIIth to the beginning of the XXth century.
Publisher	(In Russian.) Moskau, Deutsches Historisches Institut
Year of publication	2009, pp.319-331.
ISBN	978582431679

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“La noblesse estudiantine de Hongrie pendant le long 19e siècle : pérégrinations à l’étranger et choix d’études.”
Title of the book	Parcours d’une sociologue, figures d’un engagement. De la sociologie des élites à la transmission des savoirs. Hommage à Monique de Saint-Martin
Publisher	Editura Universitâtii « Alexandra Ioan Cuza «, Iasi
Year of publication	2009, pp. 120-132.
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“Társadalmunk modernizációs dinamikája a kései dualizmus regionális rétegstatisztikái szerint”
Title of the book	Lukács a mi munkatársunk, A WJLF tisztelgő kötete Lukács Péter 60 születésnapjára.
Publisher	Budapest, Wesley János Lelkészképző főiskola
Year of publication	2009, pp. 137-151
ISBN	978 963 9744 24 0

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“Education and Denominations in Transdanubia”,
Title of the book	Friars, Nobles and Burghers – Sermons, Images and Prints. Studies of Culture and Society in Early Modern Europe. In Memoriam István György Tóth,
Publisher	Budapest, Central European University Press
Year of publication	2009, pp. 411-426
ISBN	978-963-9776-67-8

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	„Die Intelligenz in Ungarn“
Title of the book	Die Habsburgermonarchie 1848-1918, vol. IX. Soziale Strukturen,
Publisher	Wien, Verlag der Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Year of publication	2009, pp, 1091-1117
ISBN	978-3-7001-3861-7

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	„A ‚demokratizálódás’ kérdése az értelmiség újratermelésében 1945 előtt és után a beiskolázási statisztikák tanúsága szerint“
Title of the book	Emlékkönyv L. Nagy Zsuzsa 80. születésnapjára
Publisher	Debrecen UP
Year of publication	2010, pp.123-134.
ISBN	978-963-473-418-5

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“La formation des elites cultivées dans la périphérie center-orientale de l’Europe, de l’apres-féodalisme au communisme (1900-1950).” Construction d’un (vaste) objet de recherche.
Title of the book	Tilalomfák ellenében. Köszöntő könyv Várdy Péter 75. születésnapjára, /Against prohibitions. A book of respect for the 75th anniversary of Péter Várdy/,
Publisher	Budapest, Wesley János Lelkészképző Akadémia, 2011
Year of publication	2011. pp.39-59
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“The academic balance sheet of the numerus clausus law”
Title of the book	The numerus clausus in Hungary and Academic Antisemitism in Inter-War Central Europe,
Publisher	Budapest, Pasts Inc., Centre for Historical Research of the Central European University, (“Research Reports, Studies and Documents on East Central European Social History”).
Year of publication	2012, forthcoming
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“Értelmiségünk magyarosodása a dualista korban”
Title of the book	Nyisd meg szád a néma helyett. I. Köszöntő könyv Iványi Gábor 60. születésnapjára,
Publisher	Budapest: WJLF ‑ Theológus és Lelkész Szak. (Sorozatcím: Wesley Jubileumi Kötetek. 8/a.)
Year of publication	2011
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	“The Social Conversion of the Nobility in Modern Hungary, as Exemplified in Distinctive Student Peregrinations Abroad”
Title of the book
Publisher	Groningen, Peeters (Groningen Studies in Cultural Change).
Year of publication	2012, forthcoming
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	Universities and nation states
Title of the book	Le Università e l¹Unità d¹Italia, a cura di Alessandra Ferraresi – Elisa Signori, Bologna,
Publisher	CLUEB, Bologna ('Studi', 16)
Year of publication	2012, forthcoming
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Victor Karady
Title of the chapter / contribution	Jews and Communism in Eastern Europe (London, UC),
Title of the book	Berghan books
Publisher	Gwen Jones,
Year of publication	1912, forthcoming
ISBN

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Történészdiplomások a két világháború között
Journal	Magyar Tudomány
Year	2009. (170. évf.), 2. sz., 143-152. p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Egységesülő képzés – differenciált tanártársadalom
Journal	Educatio.
Year	2009. (18. évf.), 3. sz., 291-305 p
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Pártok az oktatáspolitika erőterében. Az egyház-állam viszony esete
Journal	Educatio
Year	2009. (18. évf.), 3. sz., 447-460 p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Az iskolai mobilitás vizsgálatához.
Journal	Új pedagógiai szemle,
Year	2009. (59. évf.) 10. sz. 26-35. old.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Vannak-e fiatalok? Vallásszociológiai lehetőségek a fiatalság meghatározásához
Journal	Educatio
Year	2010. (19. évf.), 2. sz., 272-292 p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Education and religiosity in Budapest at the Millenium. Social compass
Journal	International review of sociology of religion
Year	2010. 1. sz (57. évf) 60-82.p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Egy ortodox zsidó közösség a helyi társadalomban
Journal	Iskolakultura
Year	2010. (20. évf.) 7-8. sz. 84-94.p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	A felsőfokú végzettségűek státus-inkonzisztenciája
Journal	Educatio
Year	2010. 3. sz. 402-418. old
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	A Magyar Zsidó Lexikon digitalizációja . Beszélgetés Nagy Péter Tiborral. (Készítette: Troján Anna)
Journal	Múlt és Jövő
Year	2010 4. sz. 109-112.p.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	A professzionalizációs folyamatok történetének kutatása a 2000-es években
Journal	Iskolakultúra,
Year	2011. (21. évf.) 1. sz. 3-8. old
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.1 Journal articles

Author(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Az oktatásról szóló tudomány kettős nyitottsága
Journal	Magyar tudomány
Year	2011. (172. évf.) 9. sz. 1077-1089. old.
Does the article acknowledge ERC funding?	Yes
Is open access provided to this publication?	Yes

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Utak felfelé. Oktatás és társadalmi mobilitás a 19-20. századi Magyarországon
Publisher	Bp., Oktatáskutató Intézet, Új Mandátum
Year of publication	2010
ISBN	9789632870182

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	A növekvő állam árnyékában. Oktatás, politika 1867-1945.
Publisher	Gondolat kiadó, Budapest
Year of publication	2011, . 494 p
ISBN	9789636933265

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

1.4 Chapters in books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Az 1929-ben kiadott Magyar Zsidó Lexikon személysoros adatbázisa
Publisher	Wesley János Lelkészképző Főiskola, Budapest
Year of publication	2011, 263.p
ISBN	978-615-5048-04-3

1.4 Chapters in books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Elekronikus kiadványok: National census - Hungary 1930
	http://www.archive.org/details/NationalCensus-Hungary1930
Publisher
Year of publication	2010
ISBN

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY, Victor Karády
Title	Educational inequalities and denominations - a database for Transdanubia,
	http://mek.oszk.hu/07900/07976/
Publisher	Oktatáskutató Intézet, – I.- II. kötet
Year of publication	2003. (2. bővített kiadás 2010)
ISBN

1.3 Books: monographs and edited books

Author(s) / editor(s)	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title	Utak felfelé. Oktatás és társadalmi mobilitás a 19-20. századi Magyarországon
Publisher	Bp., Oktatáskutató Intézet, Új Mandátum,
Year of publication	2010
ISBN	9789632870182

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Dinamikus, perszonalizált kategóriák. A dualizmuskori nemzetiségi oktatás elemzésének esete
Title of the book	Kié az oktatáskutatás? Tanulmányok Kozma Tamás 70. születésnapjára
Publisher	Csokonai Könyvkiadó, Debrecen
Year of publication	2009 75-85.p
ISBN	9789632602233

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Educated elites and the Transsylvanian university (1872-1918)
Title of the book	Tudásjavak áramlása a közép-kelet-európai régióban a rendszerváltást követően
Publisher	Magyar Szociológiai Társaság Belvedere Meridionale, Budapest-Szeged
Year of publication	2009
ISBN	978-963-9573-55-0

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Religous education and childhood in Hungary (1949-1960)
Title of the book	Kindheit-Schule-Erziehungswissenschaft in Mitteleuropa 1948-2008
Publisher	Frankfurt am Main,
Year of publication	2009 33-46.p.
ISBN	978-3-631-58187-2 br

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Vannak-e pedagógusok?
Title of the book	Lukács a mi munkatársunk
Publisher	WJLF, Bp
Year of publication	2009. 215-229.p.
ISBN	978 963 9744 24 0

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Szelekció és önszelekció a felsőoktatásba vezető úton
Title of the book	Csak hogy a szegényekről megemlékezzünk
Publisher	WJLF
Year of publication	2009. 146-170.p.
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	A „felnőttérettségizettek” az empirikus oktatástörténeti elemzés mérlegén.. A megújuló felnőttképzés
Title of the book	Tanulmányok a neveléstudomány köréből
Publisher	Gondolat kiadó Budapest
Year of publication	2009, 194-233.p.
ISBN	978-963-264-072-3

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	The level of education and its factors of the Hungarian Handicapped in the second half of the twentieth century
Title of the book	Attila Nobik/Bela Pukánszky (Hrsg.) Normalitat, Abnormalitat und Devianz. Peter Lang,
Publisher	Erziehung in Wissenschaft und Praxis. Band 7
Year of publication	125-138.p
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Egy ortodox zsidó közösség a helyi társadalomban
Title of the book	„Ma harcot kell vívni, politizálni kell”
Publisher	WJLF,
Year of publication	2010 130-143.p.
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	The Level of Education and Religiosity in Budapest
Title of the book	Tilalomfák ellenében. Köszöntő könyv Várdy Péter 75. születésnapjára
Publisher	WJLF Budapest
Year of publication	2010 117-148.p.
ISBN

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	A numerus clausus és a bölcsészdiplomások
Title of the book	Jogfosztás – 90 éve.Szerkesztette Molnár Judit, Nonprofit Társadalomkutató Egyesület,
Publisher	Nonprofit Társadalomkutató Egyesület, Budapest
Year of publication	2011 196-214.p
ISBN	978-963-082-657-0

1.4 Chapters in books

Author	Peter Tibor NAGY
Title of the chapter / contribution	Fiatal diplomások a rendszerváltás előtt és után
Title of the book	A társas szociológus. Tanulmányok Somlai Péter 70. születésnapjára.
Publisher	ELTE Társadalomtudományi Kar – ELTE Eötvös Kiadó
Year of publication	222-236.p.
ISBN

SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS OVER THE ENTIRE PERIOD (2 pages)

This report will follow the planning scheme of my proposal (p. 11 and pp. 19-23) as stated in the application for funding my Project.

1.Initial study of the schooling provision and the intellectual infrastructure in the societies concerned by the Project since the 19^th century. The main focus was laid here on the local-regional dynamics of processes of intellectual modernisation. This included besides schooling of all levels and the ‘systematisation’ of educational provision the development of the press, publishing, museums, libraries, exhibition halls, museums, concert halls, theatres, etc., the extension of literacy and the enhancement of the level of certified schooling in the population, the expansion of employed or self-employed intellectual professionals as well as the ethnic and confessional inequalities and differentials observable in the social clusters concerned. The combination of all these topical areas in national or regional reports appears to be an original contribution to the social history of the societies under scrutiny. Special regional research reports in English have been produced on Estonia, Latvia, Slovakia, Transylvania and Voivodina. They are or will be included in the volumes of publications destined to summarise all survey results related to the regional societies concerned.

2. Secondary school graduates in the Carpathian Basin. This was one of the central pieces of our project, but it was limited to the Hungarian Kingdom. An almost exhaustive (over 95 %) prosopographical survey has been realised for the period between 1850 (establishmen

t of the Matura) and 1918 (end of the Kingdom of Hungary with its unified educational provision). N = 205 600. For reasons of comparison complete prosopographical samples of pupils of the 1^st classes of classical secondary education (gymnasiums and Realschulen) were also established for the years 1860, 1880, 1900 for boys and for 1900 and 1910 for girls. N = 26 900. For the period 1919-1944 we have 54 000 cases of maturanten and 150 000 cases of 1^st class pupils. For the years 1945-49 another 47 200 cases concern pupils of the classes 1-4 and 65 400 for classes 5-8. For 28 600 either the year or the class is unknown. The total number of cases is N = cc. 578 200. The planned cc. 1/3 sample could be achieved only for the Hungarian rump state for the post-1918 period, but not for the other regions detached from Hungary. Two reasons for this partial failure: disappearance, scarcity or poor quality of earlier available sources (published yearly school reports and inscription files) in Voivodina and Transylvania, formal prohibition to exploit the relevant sources by the archival authorities in Slovakia.

These extremely rich data banks (giving insight into social selection processes, educational tracks and academic excellence in all the subjects taught represent by themselves a chance to operate a major breakthrough in the empirical study of educated elites in Hungary proper. Since they contain basic personal information on every would-be member of the middle class defined by schooling credentials, they can be turned to multiple usage for the study of local elites (ex. maturanten born in a region, a town or even in a village), further education (for those continuing their studies), student peregrinations, emigration of intellectuals, the staffing of positions in the civil service, etc. In more concrete terms they will help to fill the gaps of evidence related to fathers’ profession or religion lacking for most students of the University of Budapest before 1918 (due to the destruction of their inscription files in 1956). Besides secondary analyses – comparisons with other data banks of middle class clusters - direct statistical reports are prepared on these data banks separately for 1850-1918 and 1919-1948.

3. Graduates and students of higher education. This was the second central piece of our Project drawing upon all the six national or regional societies involved. For the first time in modern historiography we have thus at our disposal – ready for detailed investigation and secondary analyses – the standardised biographies of all members of the upcoming educated middle classes in several national and regional societies due to quasi-exhaustive prosopographies of academic clienteles during the whole period of post-feudal and pre-socialist modernisation. They are based on mostly abundant and rich sources (except in a few cases). Unlike for secondary education we have succeeded to carry on these surveys in every country concerned. In Hungary we could also realise surveys on an exhaustive or selective basis on every secular vocational institution of higher education together with universities (where the surveys were exhaustive). Hereafter a short record of the main survey targets and results :

- Estonia : exhaustive survey of students enrolled in Tartu University – German period (1880-1889 – N = 3516), Russian period (1890-1918 – N = 14 674), early Soviet period (1944-1948). Additionally students at the Tartu Veterinary School (1880-1891 – N = 542) and the private Rostopcev University of Medicine and Sciences (1902-1916 – N = 985). The students of the inter-war year have been registered earlier in the Album Academicum 1919-1944 (N = 26.000) and computerized. They have been added to the other survey results for comparative processing. See the collection of processed statistical files prepared for publication.

- Hungary : a quasi-exhaustive coverage of students and/or graduates of all post-secondary training institution for cc. 1870-1948. It concerned the Faculties of Law (2 before 1919, 4 afterwards), the Legal academies (10 before 1919, 3 afterwards), the Faculties of Medicine (2 before 1919, 4 afterwards), the faculties of Philosophy (2 before 1919, 4 afterwards) together with other teacher training institutions (Eötvös Collegium, Benedictine and Piarist congregations), the Budapest Faculty of Catholic Theology (N = 1790), agricultural academies (5 before 1919 and 3 afterwards), the military (officer training) academies including those in Vienna (4 before 1919, 1 afterwards), the academies of fine and industrial arts as well as music and theatre (4 schools), the academies of trade (4 before 1919, 2 afterwards), the Polytechnic University in Budapest (4 faculties), a number of other vocational colleges as well as a selection of various theological academies and seminaries. Student prosopographies have been extended over those studying abroad before 1919 (especially in Vienna, Prague, Germany, Switzerland, Holland). Total number of cases amount to N = cc. 374 200, but some of the databases included overlap (like those related to most students from Hungary abroad those studying inside the county).

- Latvia : exhaustive survey of students enrolled in the Latvian National University (1919-1944). N = 28 460. Further surveys are pursued backwards in time so as to explore the student population of the Riga Polytechnics, the origin of the later university (a German language institution in 1862-1892, becoming Russian – 1892-1918).

- Slovakia : survey for every fourth sample years of all students enrolled at the Faculties of Law (N = 6622), Medicine (N = 9082) and Philosophy (N = 3 207) at Komenius University in Bratislava (1919-1948). (Altogether N = cc. 18 900.) A similar study was planned but not permitted by the archival authorities on the Theological Faculty (1919-1948) of Komenius University as well as on the Polytechnics and the Economic University in Bratislava (1939-1948).

- Transylvania (1919-1949) : exhaustive survey of students or (when inscription data were failing) graduates of the Faculties of Philosophy (N = 4050), Law (N= 12620) and Medicine (N = 6140) of the University of Cluj/Kolozsvár with its annexed Legal Faculty in Oradea/Nagyvárad for 1923-1931 (N = 566). Unfortunately the sources have proved to be incomplete (particularly for the Hungarian years 1941-1944 with the exception of Law students in 1940/41 – N = 1985) and of poor quality, with many data lacking, as compared to the pre-1919 period.

- Voivodina did not have institutions of higher education before Communist times. Students of the region were identified in the files of the Faculties of Medicine ( N = 853) and Law (N = 765) at he University of Zagreb (1919-1940). A special survey was attempted for comparison on samples of students and graduates of the Faculties of Medicine ( N = 1250), Law (N = 1510) and Philosophy (N = 1000) at the University of Belgrade (1926-1947).

4. Monographic studies of elite professions. A number of studies have been initiated on different listings of professionals which are processed mostly in combination with the related prosopographies of university graduates. The clusters concerned are in Hungary secondary school teachers (1870-1949), lawyers (1920-1947), high civil servants with dr degrees (1890-1948), medical doctors (1840-1947), Roman Catholic priests of the Esztergom archbishopric (1870-2000), samples of military officers, notably hussars (active in 1935-1945). For Latvia a special study is under preparation on lawyers and doctors in Law (1919-1950) as well as on medical doctors and graduates of the Medical Faculty of Riga (1919-1950).

5.Monographic studies of clusters of power elites and other middle class groups. A number of initiatives have been made on strictly prosopographical bases. The most important among them are the largely processed data banks in Hungary of members of Freemason lodges (before 1919), those ‘knighted’ by governor Horthy in his ‘Vitéz’ order (1921-1940), reserve officers of the Honvéd and the Common Army (1867-1908), MPs in the Dualist period (1870-1900), those having a telephone subscription in 1942.

6. Cross referential studies of various elite clusters. The above mentioned data banks allow a vast number of new approaches for the in-depth analyses of the social conditions of the emergence, the career patterns, the professional or political activities and/or the creativity of various elite clusters via the very combination of the empirical evidence related to the life cycle of their members deriving from different prosopographical sources. Our most urgent effort in this field will be the comparative study of secondary school graduates and students of higher education in Hungary (1870-1918). This will allow in particular to fill the gaps of information on fathers’ profession of students of the University of Budapest due to the destruction of the relevant archival sources. But similar prosopographically grounded studies have been already undertaken on lawyers, civil servants and law graduates, on medical doctors and medical graduates, on teachers and graduates of Philosophical faculties, etc.

PUBLISHABLE BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PROJECT (1 page)

The Project aimed at a major breakthrough in the study of processes of social restratification of post-feudal societies via the large scale empirical (prosopographical) analysis of the selection, the recruitment, the training, the academic and professional career as well as the intellectual creativity of educated elites in six regional and national societies in East Central Europe during the half century or more before Communism. The societies concerned were Hungary, its regions detached after 1919 (Slovakia, Transylvania, Voivodina) and two Baltic states (Estonia and Latvia). The originality of the Project lay in the systematically exhaustive or representative surveys implemented on student populations of advanced learning via standardised biographical data gathering. The digitalized data bases thus established lend themselves to a number of secondary analyses of elite clusters in the above multi-cultural societies. For the Baltic states the number of standardized biographies established amount to cc. 73 000. For the Carpathian Basin (Hungary and successor states) they exceed altogether cc. 980 000.

For the two Baltic societies full fledged reports could be realised based on the vast collection of prosopographical data on students of the Latvian University (1919-1947) and the University of Tartu (1880-1947) as well as other institutions of higher education in Tartu (Rostopcev University – 1902-1916, Veterinary School – 1880-1918). Both reports are included in the collection of studies in preparation (see below).

For Hungary and the regions of its successor states the prosopographical data collections comprise the following main sectors :

- pupils of the graduating classes of secondary education (1850-1919) and a large sample of the same in post-Trianon Hungary (1919-1949) together with pupils of the 1^st classes in the same institution for a number of sample years (since 1860 to 1945-46) – N= 515 000

- students and graduates (including Catholic Theology) of the University of Budapest (cc. 1870-1948) and the Polytechnical University of Budapest (1872-1949),

- students and graduates of the Hungarian University in Kolozsvár/Cluj (1872-1918) and the Romanian University in the same city (1919-1948),

- students and graduates of the new Hungarian universities in Debrecen, Pécs and Szeged (cc. 1914-1948), and the Komenius University in Bratislava (1919-1947),

- students and graduates of all the vocational colleges and academies in Hungary (cc. 1870-1949) including law academies and colleges of agricultural, military, commercial as well as different schools of artistic training (music, fine arts, theatre, industrial arts). .

- additionally (for the comparative study of students from the Voivodina) large samples of students in the medical and law faculties of Belgrade and Zagreb Universities (cc. 1920-1947),

- additionally and for purposes of comparison, some large prosopographical data banks have been realized on selected elite clusters in Hungary like members of freemason lodges (cc. 1860-1930), those of the ‘Vitéz’ Order (1921-1939), fellows of the Romanian-Hungarian Gojdu Foundation (1871-1918), students abroad from Hungary in universities of the Austrian and the German Empire, Switzerland and the Netherlands (1790-1918) or some others outside the chronological scope ot the Project, like medical graduates of the University of Budapest – 1770-1850).

These extremely rich data banks - giving insight into social selection processes, educational tracks and the social background of academic excellence in all the subjects taught in secondary education or in universities – may serve as a model for an ‘objectivist’ approach of elites. Since they contain basic information on practically every member of the middle class defined by schooling credentials, they can be turned to multiple usage, like the study of local elites, student peregrinations abroad, emigration of intellectuals, the formation of ‘reputational elites’, the staffing of the civil service and the professions, the creativity of intellectuals by social and cultural criteria, etc.

Besides secondary analyses, direct statistical reports are prepared on these data banks separately for cc. 1850-1918 and cc. 1919-1948. For their publication a special collection of books in English has been established (Research Reports on Central European History, Pasts Inc. Centre for Historical Studies of the History Department of the Central European University, Budapest, edited by Victor Karady and Peter Tibor Nagy). The collection should have a paperback edition and easy accessibility via internet. For all details see http://elites08.uni.hu/.

OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS AND SUCCESS OF THE PROJECT

The information provided in this section will only be made available to ERCEA staff and to the Evaluation Panel Members

To what extent have you achieved the foreseen objectives? (5-10 lines)	They have been achieved much beyond the agenda originally planned thanks to the inclusion in the study – for comparative reasons - of complementary student populations (like those studying abroad) and various elite clusters for which new data sources have been discovered and exploited during our research. We are though behind schedule with the planned collection of research reports. The Project should have been planned for four years, instead of three...
What are the most important conclusions of your research? (10 lines)	Heavy cultural inequalities of elite selection to the benefit of mobile ethnic minorities (Jews and Germans); markedly patterned cultural disparities of educational agency and mobility among ethnic clusters; accumulation of assets and disadvantages throughout the training process connected to cultural origins; strong social determination of academic excellence and intellectual creativity; differential promotional or demotional impacts of public educational policies and earmarked schooling supply (preferential admission, scholarships and grants, numerus clausus, religious biases, etc.).
To what extend have you gone beyond the state of the art? (5-10 lines)	No similarly ambitious empirical study of pre-socialist educated elites has ever been undertaken – aiming at exhaustiveness within the limit of available sources. This can give rise to new approaches and an upsurge of socio-historical studies of social stratification, especially in Central and Eastern Europe - where sources similar to ours are often available (if not always duly identified).
What is the impact of the project within the scientific community and on society? ( 5-10 lines)	Few reactions as yet in concrete terms, but much interest manifested both in Hungary, in the Baltics and elsewhere, as witnessed by various initiatives launched in the wake of our Project. They include international workshops and conferences at the University of Geneva (Elite training abroad’ –April, 2010, ‘Women in modern elites’ – Sep-tember 2012) and the CEU (‘Jews in pre-socialist elites’ - November 2011, ‘Reputational elites’ - January, 2012). On the latter topic a recent , all European application has been presented to the ERC.
How well has the project helped you start or consolidate your research group? (10 lines)(for Starting Grants only)
How well have you been supported for your Host Institution? (5-10 lines)	Both the CEU and Wesley Academy have extended a generous support to our research. This included notably the funding and hosting of workshops (three formal ones at the CEU, several ad hoc ones at Wesley), the unconditional openness to technical and administrative demands, the easy accessibility and support of highly competent, professional administrative staff, etc.
How many people completed a PhD in the framework of the project?	No PhD-s in the framework of our project but a number of MA dissertations at the CEU on different subjects closely related to our Project (like the study of the educational market in a small Hungarian town, a survey of academic excellence in secondary schools of Vienna around 1900, the Medical students of Zagreb University in the inter-war years, etc.).

LIST OF KEYWORDS

elite formation

educational mobility

social mobility

socio-professional stratification

nation building elites

Jews in modern elites

Jewish over-schooling

minority elites

WEBSITES WHERE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MAY BE FOUND

http://elites08.uni.hu/

ATTACHMENTS:

See links to sample results of our Project, the publications planned in the near future etc. on http://elites08.uni.hu/

2009.

The International Journal of Jewish

Education Research

9789636931919

2010